Name: __________________________  Date: _____________

Use the following to answer questions 1-6:

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:

1.	Abigail Adams	

2.	Daniel Shays	

3.	Alexander Hamilton	

4.	James Madison	

5.	Gouverneur Morris	

6.	Thomas Jefferson	

Use the following to answer questions 7-23:

Define and state the historical significance of the following:

7.	primogeniture	

8.	federation	

9.	checks and balances	

10.	sovereignty	

11.	“mobocracy”	

12.	consent of the governed	

13.	republicanism	

14.	states' rights	

15.	popular sovereignty	

16.	confederation	

17.	anarchy	

18.	republican motherhood	

19.	loose confederation	

20.	civic virtue	

21.	nonimportation agreements	

22.	ratification	

23.	constitutional convention	

Use the following to answer questions 24-39:

Describe and state the historical significance of the following:

24.	Society of the Cincinnati	

25.	“Great Compromise”	

26.	Articles of Confederation	

27.	Electoral College	

28.	Land Ordinance of 1785	

29.	“three-fifths compromise”	

30.	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	

31.	antifederalists	

32.	Shays's Rebellion	

33.	Federalists	

34.	“large-state plan”	

35.	Constitution of the United States	

36.	The Federalist	

37.	“bundle of compromises”	

38.	Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom	

39.	Continental Congress	

40.	Continental army officers attempting to form the Society of the Cincinnati	
A)	were brought to trial for trying to sabotage the civil government.	
B)	were ridiculed for their lordly pretensions.	
C)	were trying to force the Congress to pay them their pensions.	
D)	reflected the Revolutionary War generation's spirit of equality.	
E)	represented the best of the officer corps.	

41.	The American Revolution was	
A)	truly radical.	
B)	inconsequential in world history.	
C)	an example of accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.	
D)	very much like the French revolution.	
E)	very much like the Russian revolution.	

42.	The world's first antislavery society was founded by	
A)	Thomas Jefferson.	
B)	Quakers in Philadelphia.	
C)	Puritans in New England.	
D)	Catholics in Maryland.	
E)	the Congregational church.	

43.	As part of the egalitarian movement of the American Revolution,	
A)	several northern states abolished slavery.	
B)	most states outlawed the overseas trade in indentured servants.	
C)	many states repealed laws against interracial marriage.	
D)	some southern states passed legislation providing for the gradual abolition of slavery.	
E)	laws against interracial marriage were eliminated.	

44.	Early signs of the abolitionist movement can be seen in the	
A)	Articles of Confederation.	
B)	Constitution.	
C)	emancipation of some slaves.	
D)	passage of laws allowing interracial marriage.	
E)	abolition of slavery in a few southern states.	

45.	The Founding Fathers failed to eliminate slavery because	
A)	they did not truly believe in democracy.	
B)	a fight over slavery might destroy national unity.	
C)	they were more concerned with securing equality for women.	
D)	the North, as its industry expanded, began to rely more heavily on slave labor.	
E)	economic conditions would not allow such a loss.	

46.	The struggle for divorce between religion and government proved fiercest in	
A)	Georgia	
B)	Virginia	
C)	Pennsylvania	
D)	New York	
E)	Maryland	

47.	As a result of the Revolution's emphasis on equality, all of the following were achieved except	
A)	the reduction of property qualifications for voting by most states.	
B)	the growth of trade organizations for artisans and laborers.	
C)	the establishment of the world's first antislavery society.	
D)	full equality between women and men.	
E)	abolishing medieval inheritance laws.	

48.	The most important outcome of the Revolution for white women was that they	
A)	permanently gained the right to vote.	
B)	were allowed to serve in the national legislature.	
C)	were elevated as special keepers of the nation's conscience.	
D)	finally gained fully equal status with white males.	
E)	were given the right to vote in some states.	

49.	As written documents, the state constitutions were intended to	
A)	represent a fundamental law superior to ordinary legislation.	
B)	be subordinate to state laws.	
C)	grant the governor more power than the legislature.	
D)	keep the government in the hands of the well-to-do.	
E)	reaffirm states' rights.	

50.	As a means of ensuring that legislators stay in touch with the mood of the people, state constitutions	
A)	were rewritten once every ten years.	
B)	were rewritten once every five years.	
C)	required yearly visits to the homes of their constituents.	
D)	stipulated that ordinary legislation could override the constitution.	
E)	required the annual election of legislators.	

51.	As a result of the Revolution, many state capitals were relocated westward	
A)	because better roads now made this territory more easily accessible.	
B)	due to a fear of British capture.	
C)	because water routes were now opened to the interior regions	
D)	to get them away from the haughty eastern seaports.	
E)	all of the above.	

52.	One reason that the United States avoided the frightful excesses of the French Revolution is that	
A)	America declared martial law until the Constitution was enacted in 1789.	
B)	the American Revolution suddenly overturned the entire political framework.	
C)	cheap land was easily available.	
D)	political democracy preceded economic democracy.	
E)	a strong sense of class consciousness already existed.	

53.	It was highly significant to the course of future events that	
A)	political democracy preceded economic democracy in the United States.	
B)	deflation rather than inflation resulted from the Revolution.	
C)	no economic depression occurred as a consequence of the Revolution.	
D)	economic democracy preceded political democracy in the United States.	
E)	the United States went off the gold standard after the Revolution.	

54.	The economic status of the average American at the end of the Revolutionary War was	
A)	better than before the war.	
B)	probably worse than before the war.	
C)	about the same as before the war.	
D)	more closely tied to Britain than before the war.	
E)	more closely tied to France than before the war.	

55.	Immediately after the Revolution, the new American nation's greatest strength lay in its	
A)	ingrained respect for authority.	
B)	excellent political leadership.	
C)	lack of inhibiting political heritage.	
D)	sound economic structure.	
E)	economic ties to France.	

56.	The Second Continental Congress of Revolutionary days	
A)	operated with strong constitutional authority.	
B)	still did not comprise representatives from all thirteen states.	
C)	took away the sovereignty of the states.	
D)	was little more than a conference of ambassadors with very limited power.	
E)	did little of lasting value.	

57.	The Articles of Confederation were finally approved when	
A)	agreement was reached on who would be president.	
B)	states gave up their right to coin money.	
C)	all states claiming western lands surrendered them to the national government.	
D)	the states gave up their power to establish tariffs.	
E)	a two-house national legislature was added.	

58.	The major issue that delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation concerned	
A)	taxation.	
B)	tariff policy.	
C)	monetary policy.	
D)	western lands.	
E)	monetary standards.	

59.	The Articles of Confederation left Congress unable to	
A)	organize development of the western lands.	
B)	deal with foreign affairs.	
C)	apportion state representation equally.	
D)	enforce a tax-collection program.	
E)	establish a postal service.	

60.	A major strength of the Articles of Confederation was its	
A)	control over interstate commerce.	
B)	strong judicial branch.	
C)	presentation of the ideal of a united nation.	
D)	ability to coin money.	
E)	strong executive branch.	

61.	The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	
A)	provided for the survey and sale of public lands in the Old Northwest.	
B)	established a procedure for governing the Old Northwest territory.	
C)	banned slavery from all territories of the United States.	
D)	cleared the way for ratification of the Articles of Confederation.	
E)	gave control over land to the territories in which they were located.	

62.	One of the most farsighted provisions of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787	
A)	set aside a section of each township for education.	
B)	abolished slavery in all of the United States.	
C)	prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest.	
D)	kept power in the national government.	
E)	none of the above.	

63.	The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided for all of the following except	
A)	money from land sales should be used to pay off the national debt.	
B)	the land should be surveyed before its sale.	
C)	the territory should be divided into townships six miles square.	
D)	the sixteenth section should be sold to support education.	
E)	prohibiting slavery.	

64.	Match each nation on the left with the correct description of the problem it presented for U.S. foreign relations following the Revolutionary War.
A. Britain	
1. threatened American commerce in the Mediterranean	

B. France	
2. demanded repayment of wartime loans	

C. Spain	
3. occupied a chain of trading forts in the Old Northwest	

D. Barbary Coast	
4. controlled important trade routes from the interior of North America	

A)	A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4	
B)	A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3	
C)	A-2, B-2, C-3, D-4	
D)	A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1	
E)	A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3	

65.	After the Revolutionary War, both Britain and Spain	
A)	tried to gain control of Florida.	
B)	did their best to win the friendship of America.	
C)	prevented America from exercising effective control over about half of its total territory.	
D)	helped America to fight the pirates in North America.	
E)	abandoned their fortifications in the Old Northwest.	

66.	Shays's Rebellion was provoked by	
A)	fear that the Articles of Confederation had created too strong a national government for the United States.	
B)	efforts by wealthy merchants to replace the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution.	
C)	a quarrel over the boundary between Massachusetts and Vermont.	
D)	foreclosures on the mortgages of backcountry farmers.	
E)	the government's failure to pay bonuses to Revolutionary War veterans.	

67.	Shays's Rebellion convinced many Americans of the need for	
A)	lower taxes.	
B)	granting long-delayed bonuses to Revolutionary War veterans.	
C)	a vigilante effort by westerners to halt the Indian threat.	
D)	a stronger central government.	
E)	a weaker military presence in the West.	

68.	Under the Articles of Confederation, the relationship between the thirteen states	
A)	improved to the point of total unity.	
B)	was good economically but poor politically.	
C)	led to a single currency.	
D)	convinced many that a stronger central government was needed.	
E)	was good politically but poor economically.	

69.	The debate between the supporters and critics of the Articles of Confederation centered on how to	
A)	reconcile states' rights with strong national government.	
B)	transfer territories to equal statehood.	
C)	abolish slavery yet preserve national unity.	
D)	balance the power of legislative and executive offices of government.	
E)	conduct foreign policy while remaining neutral.	

70.	The issue that finally touched off the movement toward the Constitutional Convention was	
A)	control of public lands.	
B)	control of commerce.	
C)	Indian policy.	
D)	monetary policy.	
E)	foreign threats to our independence.	

71.	By the time the Constitution was adopted in 1789,	
A)	the American economy was continuing to experience problems.	
B)	prosperity was beginning to return.	
C)	foreign trade was still in terrible shape.	
D)	inflation was continuing to increase.	
E)	the issue of states' rights had all but disappeared.	

72.	The Constitutional Convention was called to	
A)	write a completely new constitution.	
B)	allow the most radical Revolutionary leaders to write their ideas into law.	
C)	weaken the power of the central government.	
D)	revise the Articles of Confederation.	
E)	reassess our foreign alliances.	

73.	Which of the following Revolutionary leaders was NOT present at the Constitutional Convention?	
A)	Thomas Jefferson	
B)	Benjamin Franklin	
C)	James Madison	
D)	George Washington	
E)	Alexander Hamilton	

74.	The delegate whose contributions to the Philadelphia Convention were so notable that he has been called the “Father of the Constitution” was	
A)	George Washington.	
B)	Benjamin Franklin.	
C)	James Madison.	
D)	Thomas Jefferson.	
E)	Patrick Henry.	

75.	The delegates at the Constitutional Convention were concerned mainly with	
A)	abolishing slavery.	
B)	establishing a very powerful military.	
C)	protecting America from its weaknesses abroad and its excesses at home.	
D)	ensuring that the states continue to control tariff policies.	
E)	establishing the principle of states' rights.	

76.	Most of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention could best be labeled	
A)	states' rightists.	
B)	antifederalists.	
C)	nationalists.	
D)	ordinary citizens.	
E)	counter revolutionaries.	

77.	Motives of the delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia include all of the following except	
A)	to preserve the union.	
B)	to forestall anarchy.	
C)	to ensure the security of life and property.	
D)	to curb unrestrained democracy	
E)	to increase individual freedom.	

78.	The “large-state plan” put forward in the Constitutional Convention	
A)	ultimately provided the framework of the Constitution.	
B)	was proposed by Patrick Henry.	
C)	favored states such as New Jersey.	
D)	favored southern states over northern states.	
E)	based representation in the House and Senate on population.	

79.	The Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention worked out an acceptable scheme for	
A)	regulating interstate commerce.	
B)	levying taxes for raising a militia.	
C)	apportioning congressional representation.	
D)	electing the president.	
E)	choosing Senators.	

80.	Under the Constitution, the president of the United States was to be elected by a majority vote of the	
A)	general public.	
B)	Senate.	
C)	Electoral College.	
D)	House of Representatives.	
E)	state legislatures.	

81.	The idea that all tax measures should start in the House was made to appease	
A)	the least populated states.	
B)	western states.	
C)	eastern states.	
D)	the industrialists.	
E)	the big states with the most people.	

82.	The Constitutional Convention addressed the North-South controversy over slavery through the	
A)	“large-state plan.”	
B)	“small-state plan.”	
C)	“three-fifths” compromise.	
D)	closing of the slave trade until 1807.	
E)	Northwest Ordinance.	

83.	Which of the following is a compromise in the Constitution?	
A)	counting all slaves in apportioning membership in the House	
B)	continuation of the foreign slave trade	
C)	direct election of the president	
D)	control of interstate commerce by the national government	
E)	prohibiting states from abolishing slave trade	

84.	By their actions, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention manifested their common beliefs in all of the following except	
A)	government by the consent of the governed.	
B)	checks and balances in government.	
C)	manhood-suffrage democracy.	
D)	the sanctity of private property.	
E)	a stronger central government.	

85.	The one branch of the government elected directly by the people is the	
A)	military.	
B)	House of Representatives.	
C)	executive.	
D)	judiciary.	
E)	Senate.	

86.	The new Constitution established the idea that the only legitimate government was one based on	
A)	a strong central government.	
B)	an unwritten constitution.	
C)	the authority of the state.	
D)	control by wealthier people.	
E)	the consent of the governed.	

87.	The ultimate guarantor of liberty and justice was	
A)	the authority of the state.	
B)	a written constitution.	
C)	an independent judicial system.	
D)	the virtue of the people.	
E)	all of the above.	

88.	The delegates at the Constitutional Convention stipulated that the new Constitution be ratified by	
A)	state conventions.	
B)	state legislatures.	
C)	popular referendum.	
D)	majority vote in the Congress.	
E)	the judiciary.	

89.	The antifederalist camp included all of the following groups except	
A)	supporters of a strong central authority.	
B)	states' rights supporters.	
C)	backcountry dwellers.	
D)	paper money advocates.	
E)	debtors.	

90.	Probably the most alarming characteristic of the new Constitution to those who opposed it was the	
A)	creation of a federal district for the national capital.	
B)	creation of a standing army.	
C)	absence of a bill of rights.	
D)	omission of any reference to God.	
E)	creation of the presidency.	

91.	Among other views, The Federalist, written during the ratification debate, argued that it was	
A)	impossible to safeguard the rights of states from the power of a strong central government.	
B)	possible to extend a republican form of government over a large territory.	
C)	inevitable that slavery would be abolished in the new republic.	
D)	illegal to replace the Articles of Confederation with a new constitution.	
E)	best to establish a direct democracy.	

92.	Antifederalists believe that the sovereignty of the people resided in which branch of the central government?	
A)	executive	
B)	legislative	
C)	judicial	
D)	cabinet	
E)	all of the above	

93.	The federalists believe that the sovereignty of the people resided in which branch of the central government?	
A)	executive	
B)	legislative	
C)	judicial	
D)	none of the above.	
E)	all of the above	

94.	One of the enduring paradoxes of American history is that	
A)	conservatives supported democracy.	
B)	liberals supported democracy.	
C)	both liberals and conservatives have championed the heritage of democratic revolution.	
D)	conservatives and liberals were on opposite sides in the Revolution.	
E)	conservatives opposed democracy.	

Use the following to answer questions 95-102:

Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question.

95.	During the Revolutionary War, many states
a. eliminated inheritance laws like primogeniture.
b. extended the right to vote to adult women.
c. reduced property requirements for voting.
d. disestablished the Anglican church.
e. outlawed the importation of indentured servants.	

96.	Most, if not all, of the new state constitutions
a. were written documents.
b. lacked a specific bill of rights.
c. required the annual election of state legislators.
d. granted the state legislatures more power than governors.
e. created weak executive and judicial branches.	

97.	The Revolutionary War
a. stimulated American manufacturing.
b. encouraged a more widespread respect for private property.
c. produced runaway inflation in many states.
d. made most people financially better off than before the war.
e. saw America remain a nation of farmers.	

98.	The disruptive forces that produced a shaky start toward union of the states immediately following the Revolutionary War included
a. the absence of the unifying element of a common cause.
b. an economic depression in the colonies.
c. the fact that each of the thirteen states had its own unique governmental structure.
d. the absence of any really effective political leaders.
e. slavery.	

99.	Under the Articles of Confederation,
a. a unicameral Congress was to be the chief agency of national government.
b. there was no executive branch of national government.
c. each state remained essentially sovereign.
d. major legislation required a two-thirds vote to pass Congress.
e. a strong national judiciary was established.	

100.	Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress
a. was specifically designed to be weak.
b. had no control over public land policy.
c. had no power to regulate commerce.
d. had no tax-collecting authority.
e. acted in a judicial as well as legislative capacity.	

101.	Most of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were
a. relatively well-to-do.
b. appointed by state legislatures.
c. elected by vote of property owners in each state.
d. experienced at writing constitutions.
e. lawyers.	

102.	Major goals of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention included
a. careful revision of each article of the Articles of Confederation.
b. preservation of the Union.
c. creation of a stronger national government.
d. restricting democracy in several states.
e. outlawing slavery.	

103.	Why didn't the leaders of the American Revolution extend their spirit of equality to the abolition of slavery and giving women the right to vote?	

104.	Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution, especially in regard to the specific powers granted by each to the national government.	

105.	Write your definition of democracy. Then use this definition to evaluate the Constitution as it was penned in 1787. In what ways was it a democratic document, and in what ways did it guard against democracy?	

106.	To what extent was anticolonialism established as a legacy of the American Revolution? How, then, did the United States establish a justification for its own future territorial expansion?	

107.	Historian Charles Beard described the Constitution as the “reactionary” phase of the Revolutionary era. What did he mean by this, and what could have led him to this conclusion?	

108.	Had you been a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, how would you have voted on such issues as representation, taxation, regulation of commerce, and the slave trade? Why?	

109.	Had you been a delegate to a state convention charged with considering ratification of the Constitution, which way would you have voted? Why?	

110.	List all the reasons why the Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced in order of importance, starting with the most important reason. Justify your selection and arrangement.	

111.	Thomas Jefferson observed that “173 despots would surely be as oppressive as one.” What was the context of his remark? What was Jefferson warning against?	

112.	According to the text's authors, “In some respects, the hated British Navigation Laws were more disagreeable after independence than before.” What is the basis for their conclusion?	

113.	Thomas Jefferson once said he believed that “all the good” of the new Constitution might have been accomplished by simply amending the Articles of Confederation. According to the text's authors, it is probably a good thing that the Founding Fathers did not merely amend the Articles of Confederation. With which position do you agree? Why?	

114.	Assume that the Constitution had not been ratified by the state conventions. What do you think would have been the short- and long-term consequences?	

115.	Compare and contrast the British notion of a “constitution” with that of the Americans.	

Answer Key

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2.		
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14.		
15.		
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19.		
20.		
21.		
22.		
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24.		
25.		
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27.		
28.		
29.		
30.		
31.		
32.		
33.		
34.		
35.		
36.		
37.		
38.		
39.		
40.	B	
41.	C	
42.	B	
43.	A	
44.	C	
45.	B	
46.	B	
47.	D	
48.	C	
49.	A	
50.	E	
51.	D	
52.	C	
53.	D	
54.	B	
55.	B	
56.	D	
57.	C	
58.	D	
59.	D	
60.	C	
61.	B	
62.	C	
63.	E	
64.	D	
65.	C	
66.	D	
67.	D	
68.	D	
69.	A	
70.	B	
71.	B	
72.	D	
73.	A	
74.	C	
75.	C	
76.	C	
77.	E	
78.	E	
79.	C	
80.	C	
81.	E	
82.	C	
83.	B	
84.	C	
85.	B	
86.	E	
87.	D	
88.	A	
89.	A	
90.	C	
91.	B	
92.	B	
93.	E	
94.	C	
95.	a, c, d	
96.	a, c, d, e	
97.	a, c, e	
98.	a, b	
99.	a, b, c, d	
100.	a, c, d	
101.	a, b, d, e	
102.	b, c, d	
103.		
104.		
105.		
106.		
107.		
108.		
109.		
110.		
111.		
112.		
113.		
114.		
115.