Name: __________________________  Date: _____________

Use the following to answer questions 1-9:

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:

1.	Samuel Slater	

2.	Cyrus McCormick	

3.	Eli Whitney	

4.	Carl Schurz	

5.	Robert Fulton	

6.	Samuel F. B. Morse	

7.	DeWitt Clinton	

8.	Catharine Beecher	

9.	George Catlin	

Use the following to answer questions 10-38:

Describe and state the historical significance of the following:

10.	industrial revolution	

11.	limited liability	

12.	transportation revolution	

13.	nativism	

14.	cult of domesticity	

15.	ecological imperialism	

16.	factory system	

17.	market revolution	

18.	rendezvous system	

19.	homesteaders	

20.	domestic feminism	

21.	scabs	

22.	interchangeable parts	

23.	rugged individualism	

24.	cotton gin	

25.	Clermont	

26.	Boston Associates	

27.	clipper ships	

28.	Ancient Order of Hibernians	

29.	“Molly Maguires”	

30.	General Incorporation Law	

31.	Pony Express	

32.	Commonwealth v. Hunt	

33.	Tammany Hall	

34.	Order of the Star-Spangled Banner	

35.	sewing machine	

36.	Know Nothing Party	

37.	Kentucky bluegrass	

38.	“twisting the lion's tail”	

Use the following to answer questions 39-46:

Locate the following places by reference number on the map:

39.	_____ Pennsylvania Canal	

40.	_____ Erie Canal	

41.	_____ Lake Michigan	

42.	_____ Ohio and Erie Canal	

43.	_____ Cumberland Road	

44.	_____ Lake Erie	

45.	_____ Lake Ontario	

46.	_____ Lake Huron	

47.	Life on the frontier was	
A)	fairly comfortable for women but not for men.	
B)	downright grim for most pioneer families.	
C)	free of disease and premature death.	
D)	rarely portrayed in popular literature.	
E)	based on tight-knit communities.	

48.	All of the following gave rise to a more dynamic, market-oriented, national economy in early nineteenth-century America except	
A)	the push west in search of cheap land.	
B)	government regulation of all major economic industry.	
C)	a vast number of European immigrants settling in the cities.	
D)	newly invented machinery.	
E)	better roads, faster steamboats, further-reaching canals, and tentacle-stretching railroads.	

49.	Pioneering Americans marooned by geography	
A)	remained well informed despite the barriers.	
B)	grew to depend on other people for most of their clothing.	
C)	abandoned the “rugged individualism” of colonial Americans.	
D)	looked to state governments for economic help.	
E)	became ill informed and individualistic in their attitudes.	

50.	In early-nineteenth-century America,	
A)	the annual population growth rate was much higher than in colonial days.	
B)	the urban population was growing at an unprecedented rate.	
C)	the birthrate was rapidly declining.	
D)	the death rate was increasing.	
E)	the center of population moved northward.	

51.	The dramatic growth of American cities between 1800 and 1860	
A)	led to a lower death rate.	
B)	contributed to a decline in the birthrate.	
C)	resulted in unsanitary conditions in many communities.	
D)	forced the federal government to slow immigration.	
E)	created sharp political conflict between farmers and urbanites.	

52.	“Ecological imperialism” can best be described as	
A)	the efforts of white settlers to take land from Native Americans.	
B)	the aggressive exploitation of the West's bounty.	
C)	a desire for the United States to acquire California.	
D)	the spread of technology and industry.	
E)	none of the above.	

53.	George Catlin advocated	
A)	placing Indians on reservations.	
B)	efforts to protect America's endangered species.	
C)	continuing the “rendezvous” system.	
D)	keeping white settlers out of the West.	
E)	the preservation of nature as a national policy.	

54.	The influx of immigrants to the United States tripled, then quadrupled, in the	
A)	1810s and 1820s.	
B)	1820s and 1830s.	
C)	1830s and 1840s.	
D)	1840s and 1850s.	
E)	1860s and 1870s.	

55.	Ireland's great export in the 1840s was	
A)	people.	
B)	potatoes.	
C)	wool.	
D)	whiskey.	
E)	music.	

56.	The Irish immigrants to early nineteenth-century America	
A)	were mostly Roman Catholics and hated the British.	
B)	tended to settle on western farmlands.	
C)	were warmly welcomed by American workers.	
D)	identified and sympathized with American free blacks.	
E)	were often members of the Irish Republican Army.	

57.	When the Irish flocked to the United States in the 1840s, they stayed in the larger seaboard cities because they	
A)	preferred urban life.	
B)	were offered high-paying jobs.	
C)	were welcomed by the people living there.	
D)	were too poor to move west and buy land.	
E)	had experience in urban politics.	

58.	When the “famine Irish” came to America, they	
A)	moved to the West.	
B)	mostly became farmers.	
C)	moved up the economic ladder quickly.	
D)	mostly remained in the port cities of the Northeast.	
E)	formed alliances with Yankees against the Germans.	

59.	Native-born Protestant Americans distrusted and resented the Irish mostly because these immigrants	
A)	were poor.	
B)	were thought to love alcohol.	
C)	were Roman Catholic.	
D)	frequently became police officers.	
E)	were slow to learn English.	

60.	German immigrants in the early nineteenth century tended to	
A)	settle in eastern industrial cities.	
B)	assimilated themselves well into American culture .	
C)	become slave-owners.	
D)	join the temperance movement.	
E)	preserve their own language and culture.	

61.	German immigrants to the United States	
A)	quickly became a powerful political force.	
B)	came to escape economic hardships and autocratic government.	
C)	were as poor as the Irish.	
D)	contributed little to American life.	
E)	were almost all Roman Catholics.	

62.	When German immigrants came to the United States, they	
A)	often became Baptist or Methodists.	
B)	mixed well with other Americans.	
C)	remained mostly in the Northeast.	
D)	prospered with astonishing ease.	
E)	dropped most of their German customs.	

63.	Those who were frightened by the rapid influx of Irish immigrants organized	
A)	the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner.	
B)	the “Molly Maguires.”	
C)	Tammany Hall.	
D)	the Ancient Order of Hibernians.	
E)	the Ku Klux Klan.	

64.	The sentiment of fear and opposition to open immigration was called	
A)	the cult of domesticity.	
B)	nativism.	
C)	Unitarianism.	
D)	rugged individualism.	
E)	patriotism.	

65.	Native-born Americans feared that Catholic immigrants to the United States would	
A)	want to attend school with Protestants.	
B)	overwhelm the native-born Catholics and control the church.	
C)	“establish” the Catholic church at the expense of Protestantism.	
D)	assume control of the “Know-Nothing” party.	
E)	establish monasteries and convents in the West.	

66.	Immigrants coming to the United States before 1860	
A)	depressed the economy due to their poverty.	
B)	found themselves involved in few cultural conflicts.	
C)	had little impact on society until after the Civil War.	
D)	settled mostly in the South.	
E)	helped to fuel economic expansion.	

67.	The “Father of the Factory System” in the United States was	
A)	Robert Fulton.	
B)	Samuel F. B. Morse.	
C)	Eli Whitney.	
D)	Samuel Slater.	
E)	Thomas Edison.	

68.	Eli Whitney was instrumental in the invention of the	
A)	steamboat.	
B)	cotton gin.	
C)	railroad locomotive.	
D)	telegraph.	
E)	repeating revolver.	

69.	Most of the cotton produced in the American South after the invention of the cotton gin was	
A)	produced by free labor.	
B)	sold to England.	
C)	grown on the tidewater plains.	
D)	consumed by the southern textile industry.	
E)	of the long-staple variety.	

70.	The American phase of the industrial revolution first blossomed	
A)	on southern plantations.	
B)	with textile mills.	
C)	in rapidly growing Chicago.	
D)	with shipbuilding.	
E)	in coal-mining regions.	

71.	As a result of the development of the cotton gin,	
A)	slavery revived and expanded.	
B)	American industry bought more southern cotton than did British manufacturers.	
C)	a nationwide depression ensued.	
D)	the South diversified its economy.	
E)	the textile industry moved to the South.	

72.	The underlying basis for modern mass production was the	
A)	cotton gin.	
B)	musket.	
C)	use of interchangeable parts.	
D)	principle of limited liability.	
E)	passing of protective tariffs.	

73.	The early factory system distributed its benefits	
A)	mostly to the owners.	
B)	evenly to all.	
C)	primarily in the South.	
D)	to workers represented by unions.	
E)	to overseas investors.	

74.	Match each individual below with the correct invention.
A. Samuel Morse 	
1. telegraph	

B. Cyrus McCormick	
2. mower-reaper	

C. Elias Howe	
3. steamboat	

D. Robert Fulton 	
4. sewing machine	

A)	A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2	
B)	A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3	
C)	A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3	
D)	A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1	
E)	A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3	

75.	The American work force in the early nineteenth century was characterized by	
A)	substantial employment of women and children in factories.	
B)	strikes by workers that were few in number but usually effective.	
C)	a general lengthening of the workday from ten to fourteen hours.	
D)	extensive political activity among workers.	
E)	reliance on the system of apprentices and masters.	

76.	One reason that the lot of adult wage earners improved was	
A)	support gained from the United States Supreme Court.	
B)	the passage of minimum wage laws.	
C)	the passage of laws restricting the use of strikebreakers.	
D)	the enactment of immigration restrictions.	
E)	the enfranchisement of the laboring man.	

77.	In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that	
A)	corporations were unconstitutional.	
B)	labor unions were not illegal conspiracies.	
C)	labor strikes were illegal by violating the Fair Labor Acts.	
D)	the Boston Associates employment of young women in their factories was inhumane.	
E)	the state could regulate factory wages and working conditions.	

78.	The “cult of domesticity”	
A)	gave women more opportunity to seek employment outside the home.	
B)	resulted in more pregnancies for women.	
C)	restricted women's moral influence on the family.	
D)	glorified the traditional role of women as homemakers.	
E)	was especially strong among rural women.	

79.	Early-nineteenth-century American families	
A)	were becoming more loosely knit and less affectionate.	
B)	usually included three generations in the same household.	
C)	taught their children to be unquestioningly obedient.	
D)	usually allowed parents to determine choice of marriage partners.	
E)	were getting smaller.	

80.	One of the goals of the child-centered family of the 1800s was to	
A)	raise children who were obedient to authority.	
B)	allow parents to spoil their children.	
C)	raise independent individuals.	
D)	increase the number of children.	
E)	preserve childhood innocence.	

81.	The effect of early-nineteenth-century industrialization on the trans-Allegheny West was to encourage	
A)	specialized, cash-crop agriculture.	
B)	slavery.	
C)	self-sufficient farming.	
D)	heavy industry.	
E)	higher tariffs.	

82.	With the development of cash-crop agriculture in the trans-Allegheny West,	
A)	subsistence farming became common.	
B)	farmers began to support the idea of slave labor.	
C)	farmers quickly faced mounting indebtedness.	
D)	the South could harvest a larger crop.	
E)	the issue of farm surpluses came to the fore.	

83.	In the 1790's a major transportation project linking the East to the trans-Allegheny West was the	
A)	Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.	
B)	National (Cumberland) Road.	
C)	Erie Canal.	
D)	St. Lawrence Seaway.	
E)	Lancaster Turnpike.	

84.	Western road building faced all of the following problems except	
A)	the expense.	
B)	states' rights advocates' opposition.	
C)	eastern states' opposition.	
D)	competition from canals.	
E)	wartime interruptions.	

85.	The major application for steamboats transporting freight and passengers in the United States was on	
A)	New England streams.	
B)	western and southern rivers.	
C)	the Great Lakes.	
D)	the Gulf of Mexico.	
E)	coastal waterways.	

86.	The “canal era” of American history began with the construction of the	
A)	Mainline Canal in Pennsylvania.	
B)	James River and Kanasha Canal from Virginia to Ohio.	
C)	Wabash Canal in Indiana.	
D)	Suez Canal in Illinois.	
E)	Erie Canal in New York.	

87.	Construction of the Erie Canal	
A)	forced some New England farmers to move or change occupations.	
B)	showed how long-established local markets could survive a continental economy.	
C)	helped farmers so much that industrialization was slowed.	
D)	was aided by federal money.	
E)	created political tensions between the Northeast and the Midwest.	

88.	Most early railroads in the United States were built in the	
A)	North.	
B)	Old South.	
C)	lower Mississippi Valley.	
D)	Far West.	
E)	Appalachian Mountains.	

89.	Compared with canals, railroads	
A)	were more expensive to construct.	
B)	transported freight more slowly.	
C)	were generally safer.	
D)	were susceptible to weather delays.	
E)	could be built almost anywhere.	

90.	In the new continental economy, each region specialized in a particular economic activity: the South _________ for export; the West grew grains and livestock to feed _________; and the East _________ for the other two regions.	
A)	raised grain, southern slaves, processed meat	
B)	grew cotton, southern slaves, made machines and textiles	
C)	grew cotton, eastern factory workers, made machines and textiles	
D)	raised grain, eastern factory workers, made furniture and tools	
E)	processed meat, southern slaves, raised grain	

91.	As a result of the transportation revolution,	
A)	division of labor became a thing of the past.	
B)	New Orleans became an even more important port.	
C)	each region in the nation specialized in a particular type of economic activity.	
D)	self-sufficiency became easier to achieve for American families.	
E)	the Midwest became the first industrialized region.	

92.	In general, _________ tended to bind the West and South together, while _________ and _________ connected West to East.	
A)	steamboats, canals, railroads	
B)	railroads, canals, steamboats	
C)	canals, steamboats, turnpikes	
D)	turnpikes, steamboats, canals	
E)	turnpikes, railroads, steamboats	

93.	All of the following were legal questions raised as a result of the new market economy except	
A)	how tightly should patents protect inventions?	
B)	should the government regulate monopolies?	
C)	can a democratic government still support slavery?	
D)	who should own these new technologies?	
E)	who should own the new transportation network?	

94.	As the new continental market economy grew,	
A)	individual households became increasingly self-sufficient.	
B)	the home came to be viewed as a refuge from the workday world.	
C)	traditional women's work became more highly valued and increasingly important.	
D)	respect for women as homemakers declined.	
E)	the home lost most of its importance for family life.	

95.	A major economic consequence of the transportation and marketing revolutions was	
A)	a lessening of the gap between great wealth and poverty.	
B)	a stabilization of the work force in industrial cities.	
C)	the declining significance of American agriculture.	
D)	a steady improvement in average wages and standards of living.	
E)	the growing realization of the “rags-to-riches” American dream.	

Use the following to answer questions 96-105:

Each of the following questions may have two, three, four, or five correct answers. Mark all correct answers for each question.

96.	America's early-nineteenth-century population was notable for its	
A)	restlessness.	
B)	wastefulness.	
C)	youthfulness.	
D)	aggressiveness.	
E)	thoughtfulness.	

97.	Factors encouraging the growth of immigration rates in the first half of the nineteenth century included the	
A)	rapid growth rate of the European population.	
B)	perception of America as the land of freedom and opportunity.	
C)	introduction of transoceanic steamships.	
D)	economic and political turmoil in Europe.	
E)	religious oppression by European state churches.	

98.	The growth of industry and the factory system in the United States was slowed by	
A)	the high price of land.	
B)	the scarcity of labor.	
C)	limited investment capital.	
D)	a small domestic market.	
E)	weak incentives for new technology.	

99.	The Northeast became the center of early-nineteenth-century American industry because it had	
A)	a superior transportation system.	
B)	abundant water power.	
C)	investment capital available.	
D)	a local supply of raw materials used in manufacturing.	
E)	a relatively large labor supply.	

100.	The growth of early-nineteenth-century American manufacturing was stimulated by the	
A)	War of 1812.	
B)	Peace of Ghent.	
C)	Louisiana Purchase.	
D)	Tariff of 1816.	
E)	rise of the “Know-Nothing” Party.	

101.	By 1850, America's factory system was producing	
A)	textiles.	
B)	boots and shoes.	
C)	firearms.	
D)	steel.	
E)	sewing machines.	

102.	The concentration of capital for investment in large-scale enterprises in the early nineteenth century was promoted by the	
A)	wider acceptance of the principle of limited liability.	
B)	introduction of state corporate tax laws.	
C)	legalization of labor unions.	
D)	passage of state free incorporation laws.	
E)	lowering of the capital gains tax.	

103.	The turnpikes, canals, and steamboats as new transportation links generally encouraged	
A)	lowering of freight rates.	
B)	economic growth.	
C)	rising land values.	
D)	migration of peoples.	
E)	states' rights.	

104.	Clipper ships and the Pony Express had in common	
A)	the use of the most advanced technology.	
B)	speedy service.	
C)	a brief existence.	
D)	low cost.	
E)	support from the federal government.	

105.	Advances in manufacturing and transportation brought	
A)	a narrowing of the gap between rich and poor in America.	
B)	more prosperity and opportunity to most Americans.	
C)	innumerable cases of “rags-to-riches” economic mobility for ordinary Americans.	
D)	increased immigration from Europe to the United States.	
E)	economic reliance on the export of manufactured goods.	

106.	Compare and contrast the economic development of the Northeast with that of the South.  What were some of the reasons that cause those differences in development?	

107.	Compare and contrast the United States with Britain and Europe in the industrialization of its economy.	

108.	To what extent did the American government contribute to and promote industrial growth and economic expansion in the early nineteenth century?	

109.	To what extent did the impact of industrialization, urbanization, and the transportation revolution have on the development of American agriculture?	

110.	Summarize the impact of the industrial revolution on American labor, on the rich and the poor, and on families and home life.	

111.	Write your definition of revolution. Then use this definition to argue that the industrial revolution was or was not a revolutionary event.	

112.	To what extent did each of the following play in the development of industrialization of the American economy: technology, immigration, investment, government aid, and internal improvements.	

113.	Rank the following in terms of their contribution to industrialization: cotton gin, principle of interchangeable parts, Erie Canal. Justify your ranking.	

114.	Identify the single most significant development in (a) manufacturing technology, (b) transportation, (c) communications technology, and (d) business organization that encouraged industrialization in the United States. Explain your choice in each category.	

115.	List the five most important inventions of the early nineteenth century and rank them in order of importance. Justify your ranking.	

116.	Assess the validity of the following statement, “the Erie Canal was the single most important accomplishment contributing to economic expansion prior to the coming of the railroad.”	

117.	The text's authors claim that on the eve of the Civil War, “a truly continental economy had emerged…[in which] the principle of division of labor…applied on a national scale.” Briefly explain the operation of this “national” economy and its political implications.	

118.	If America is indeed a “nation of immigrants,” why does it have a history of native prejudice toward new immigrant groups?	

119.	Explain the impact of the market revolution on American workers, including women.	

120.	What traits fostered by America's early-nineteenth-century frontier experience are less than admirable? Why did they become American traits?	

121.	Compare and contrast the Irish and German immigrants of early-nineteenth-century America in terms of their motives for leaving Europe, pattern of settlement in the United States, impact on American life, and reception by native-born Americans.	

122.	The text's authors state that “the West, with its raw frontier, was the most typically American part of America” in the early nineteenth century. Explain what they mean by this remark. Do you agree or disagree? Why?	

123.	It has been claimed that the frontier acted as a “safety valve” for the East, allowing the discontented to begin an alternative life on the frontier. To what extent does this seem to have been true?	

124.	Assess the validity of the following statement, “The cotton gin affected not only the history of America but that of the world.”	

125.	How did Eli Whitney make the American Civil War more likely and at the same time give the Union an advantage once the war began?	

Answer Key

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39.	6	
40.	5	
41.	1	
42.	8	
43.	7	
44.	3	
45.	4	
46.	2	
47.	B	
48.	B	
49.	E	
50.	B	
51.	C	
52.	B	
53.	E	
54.	D	
55.	A	
56.	A	
57.	D	
58.	D	
59.	C	
60.	E	
61.	B	
62.	D	
63.	A	
64.	B	
65.	C	
66.	E	
67.	D	
68.	B	
69.	B	
70.	B	
71.	A	
72.	C	
73.	A	
74.	B	
75.	A	
76.	E	
77.	B	
78.	D	
79.	E	
80.	C	
81.	A	
82.	C	
83.	E	
84.	D	
85.	B	
86.	E	
87.	A	
88.	A	
89.	E	
90.	C	
91.	C	
92.	A	
93.	E	
94.	B	
95.	D	
96.	A	
97.	A	
98.	B	
99.	B	
100.	A	
101.	A	
102.	A	
103.	A	
104.	B	
105.	B	
106.		
107.		
108.		
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125.